An Extended Mild-Slope Equation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

PAN Junning 《中国海洋工程》2000,14(4):459-471

On the assumption that the vortex and the vertical velocity component of the current aresmall,a mild-slope equation for wave propagation on non-uniform flows is deduced from the basichydrodynamic equations,with the terms of (V_hh)~2 and (V_h~2)h included in the equation.The terms of bot-tom friction,wind energy input and wave nonlinearity are also introduced into the equation.The wind en-ergy input functions for wind waves and swells are separately considered by adopting Wen′s(1989)empiri-cal formula for wind waves and Snyder′s observation results for swells.Thus,an extended mild-slope equa-tion is obtained,in which the effects of refraction,diffraction,reflection,current,bottom friction,wind en-ergy input and wave nonlinearity are considered synthetically.  相似文献   

Sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in Portuguese coastal waters     

Marie-Hlne Cott-Krief  Ccile Guieu  Alain J. Thomas  Jean-Marie Martin 《Marine Chemistry》2000,71(3-4)

In order to identify the major sources of trace metals (TM) in the Portuguese coastal waters, 58 surface water samples were collected during September 1988. The area sampled extended from the Tagus Estuary (down to a salinity of 25) to cape Ste Marie on the southern coast of Portugal. Dissolved metal concentrations in the fully marine waters ranged from 30 to 250 pM for Cd, 0.7–15 nM for Cu, 0.9–20 nM for Zn and 1.8–4.5 nM for Ni. Within the Tagus Estuary (salinity 25), concentrations increased to 3400 pM for Cd, 26 nM for Cu, 14 nM for Ni and 230 nM for Zn.The large-scale distribution of these metals is dominated by two strong continental sources, both probably linked to the exploitation of pyrite ores. In the Tagus Estuary, TM enrichments can be mostly attributed to a pyrite roasting plant located on the shore in front of Lisbon. Concerning the south Portuguese shelf waters, several hypotheses are proposed to explain their elevated metal concentrations. We particularly discussed the likely influence of the Tinto/Odiel rivers located 100 km eastward, an influence well known in the shelf waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. These rivers are extremely metal-rich because of acid mine tailings originating from their catchment. Between these two regions, upwelling of relatively metal-poor water largely contributes to the dilution of the continental inputs. Indeed, water exchanges on the shelf linked to the upwelling involve water fluxes 500 times higher than the Tagus River flow, and renew the coastal waters that are thus cleaned from terrestrial contamination. Contrary to many other upwelling systems in non-contaminated areas, the Portuguese upwelling does not act as a source of trace-metal enrichment of the continental margin waters.  相似文献   

Inter-annual simulation of global carbon cycle variations in a terrestrial–aquatic continuum     

Tadanobu Nakayama 《水文研究》2020,34(3):662-678

The advanced process-based model, National Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology (NICE)-BGC, which incorporates the whole process of carbon cycling in land, was modified to include the feedback between soil organic content and overland carbon fluxes. It is a crucial and difficult task to evaluate the balance of the terrestrial carbon budget including the effect of inland water robustly. To accomplish this purpose, NICE-BGC was applied to quantify the global biogeochemical carbon cycle closely associated with the complex hydrological cycle during the 36 years between 1980 and 2015. The model demonstrated that the inter-annual variations of carbon cycle have been greatly affected by the extreme weather patterns. In particular, spatial distribution of temporal trends in riverine carbon fluxes and their relation to soil organic carbon (SOC) were analysed between different biomes and major river basins. Although there was a positive relationship between SOC and riverine flux of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in the northern boreal region, it is difficult to see this relation in other regions. Further, the evaluation of potential controlling factors of temporal trends in SOC and fluvial carbon exports was also helpful to quantify the inter-annual variation or temporal trend caused by the various effects. SOC was more influenced by temperature variations, whereas riverine carbon exports were mainly determined by precipitation variations. Finally, net land flux including inland water (−1.49 ± 0.50 PgC/year) showed a slight decrease in the carbon sink in comparison with previous values (−2.33 ± 0.50 PgC/year). These results help to distinguish the carbon cycle in different river basins and to re-evaluate carbon cycle change explicitly including the effect of inland water because this effect has been so far implicitly included within the range of uncertainty in the Earth's global carbon cycle comprising land, oceans, and atmosphere.  相似文献   

输入非线性方程误差自回归系统的多新息辨识方法     

丁锋  毛亚文 《南京气象学院学报》2015,7(1):1-23

典型块结构非线性系统包括基本的输入非线性系统、输出非线性系统、输入输出非线性系统、反馈非线性系统等.输入非线性系统包括输入非线性方程误差类系统和输入非线性输出误差类系统.以输入非线性方程误差自回归系统,即输入非线性受控自回归自回归(IN-CARAR)系统为例,分别基于过参数化模型,基于关键项分离原理,基于数据滤波技术以及基于辨识模型分解技术,研究和提出了IN-CARAR系统的随机梯度辨识方法、多新息随机梯度辨识方法、递推最小二乘辨识方法、多新息最小二乘辨识方法.这些方法可以推广到其他输入非线性方程误差系统、输入非线性输出误差类系统、输出非线性方程误差类系统、输出非线性输出类系统、反馈非线性系统等.同时,给出了几个典型辨识算法的计算步骤、流程图和计算量.  相似文献   

下刚果盆地海相烃源岩地球化学特征、成因及其发育的控制因素     

曹军  钟宁宁  邓运华  康洪全  孙玉梅  刘岩  戴娜  黄小艳  朱顺玲 《地球科学与环境学报》2014,(4)

下刚果盆地深水区的油气显示出了海相原油的特征,盐上海相烃源岩开始受到关注。通过对下刚果盆地海相烃源岩地球化学资料分析,综合评价了盐上4套海相烃源岩的地球化学特征和生烃潜力,研究了其成因并划分了成因类型,同时探讨了不同成因类型烃源岩发育的主控因素。结果表明:下刚果盆地盐岩层之上发育海相烃源岩,有机质丰度中等—好,干酪根类型为Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,成因上以海相内源型和海相混合生源型为主;盆地海相烃源岩整体在3 500m左右深度进入生油窗,成熟的海相烃源岩是下刚果盆地深水区油气的重要来源之一;由于上升洋流、缺氧环境(大洋缺氧事件)和古河流的作用,以及海洋、河流两种地质营力此消彼长的关系,自晚白垩世至中新世,盆地沉积环境从海湾变迁到受河流作用逐渐加强的开阔海洋,有机质来源从以海洋有机质为主过渡到河流携带来的陆源有机质比例加重,直到以陆源有机质为主;海-陆二元有机质输入量的相对变化和海洋沉积环境的变迁从根本上决定了海相烃源岩的特征。  相似文献   

夏季丰水期河流输入对太湖有色可溶性有机物的贡献   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

冯龙庆  刘明亮  张运林  殷燕  时志强  刘笑菡 《水科学进展》2011,22(1):104-111

结合2008年夏季丰水期对太湖上游直湖港、大浦河、长兜港3条河流有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收和三维荧光的测定分析,探讨了夏季丰水期时河流输入对太湖中CDOM的贡献.3条河流中直湖港CDOM浓度最高,大浦河次之,长兜港最低,反映了太湖北部外源河流污染物输入大于西南部.3条河流内CDOM吸收α(355)的均值为(4.7...  相似文献   

一类具有输入量化和未知扰动的非线性系统的自适应有限时间动态面控制     

齐晓静  刘文慧 《南京气象学院学报》2020,12(3):330-340

本文研究了具有量化输入信号和未知扰动的非线性系统的有限时间自适应输出反馈动态面控制问题.在控制设计过程中,利用模糊逻辑系统对系统中的非线性项进行逼近.然后引入一种滞回量化器来避免量化信号中的抖振,并且构造模糊观测器来估计系统中不可测的状态.为了提出一种有限时间控制策略,首先给出了半全局实际有限时间稳定的判据.在此基础上,将动态面控制技术与反步法相结合,设计了自适应模糊控制器.该控制器不仅能保证跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到原点的一个小邻域,而且可以保证闭环系统中所有信号的有界性.最后通过一个仿真实例验证了该控制方法的有效性和可行性.  相似文献   

流域水文模型对土壤数据响应的多尺度分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

李润奎  朱阿兴  李宝林  裴韬  秦承志 《地理科学进展》2011,30(1):80-86

流域水文模拟对输入数据空间详细程度的要求受流域面积大小的影响,而流域面积影响作用的定量描述有助于模拟时的数据选取.本文以美国Brewery Creek流域(约19.5 k㎡)为例,在逐级连续的汇流面积上,分析了SWAT模型基于1:2.4万的SSURGO和10m分辨率的SoLIM土壤数据模拟的径流量的差别随汇流面积的变化...  相似文献   

RIVERINE SEDIMENTS AND CHINESE COASTLINE CHANGES     

李从先  张桂甲 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1997,7(3):201-207

I.TI~IC~~RIWiRIrmssoITheupliftingoftheQiughal--Xoing(Tibet)PIateaugeneratedlargeandsediment--ladenrivers,thusthenorthernindianOceanandthewesternPacificOceanreceivedlargevolumeofriverinesedimentswhichconstituteabbothalfofthetotalbinesedimentsintheworld.ChineseoutlinecrossesbobtectonicupliftbeltsandtectonicdepressionbeltS.RiverssuchastheHuanghe(Yellow)myerandChangjiang(Yangtze)caver,etc.~nglargevolumeofSedimentsadnlyrunintOtheseaatthetectonicdepreSSionbelts,andriverssuchastheZhujiang(…  相似文献   

BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1987,39(2):238-266

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.  相似文献